All Indicators > Indicator IB3: Work and local environments
| Definition | Low control work and living environments |
| Dimension | Intervening factors |
| Sector | Behaviours and environments (individual) |
| Components |
|
| Source | Various - see component details |
Component IB3_1: Low control work environments
| Definition | Proportion of people working in semi-routine and routine employment |
| Source Numerator | 2001, 2003, 2005: Census Area Statistics Table CS042, NS-SEC by age, (Cells 43 and 50), ONS |
| 2001 Ethnic: Census Area Statistics Table TT013, NS-SEC by age, (Cells 953-986), ONS | |
| Source Denominator | 2001, 2003, 2005: Census Area Statistics Table CS042, NS-SEC by age, (Cell 1) 2001, ONS |
| 2001 Ethnic: Census Area Statistics Table TT013, NS-SEC by age, (Cell 1-17) 2001, ONS |
Additional details
Various studies have found that low control at work increases the risk of developing depression and anxiety (Griffin JM, Fuhrer R, Stansfeld SA, Marmot M. (2002) 'The importance of low control at work and home on depression and anxiety: do these effects vary by gender and social class?'. Social Science and Medicine, 54(5):783-98) and that the largest contribution to the socioeconomic gradient in coronary heart disease frequency was from low control at work (Marmot MG, Bosma H, Hemingway H, Brunner E, Stansfeld S. (1997) 'Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence', Lancet, 350(9073):235-9; Bosma H, Marmot MG, Hemingway H, Nicholson AC, Brunner E, Stansfeld SA. (1997) 'Low job control and risk of coronary heart disease in Whitehall II (prospective cohort) study'. British Medical Journal, 314(7080):558-65.). It is therefore important to take into account how the work environment might impact upon an individual's health.
The National Statistics Socio-Economic Classification (NSSEC) from the 2001 Census was used. In the nine-class version, categories 6 (semi-routine occupations) and 7 (routine occupations) were selected to represent low control work environments. The proportion of people in low control work environments was calculated by dividing the number of people in routine and semi-routine occupations by all people of working age (i.e. all categories including never worked and long-term unemployed).
Because this indicator is census based it is not updated in 2003 and 2005.
Component IB3_2: Unemployment
| Definition | Proportion of working age population involuntarily excluded from the world of work. |
| Source Numerator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic:
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2003:
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2005:
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| Source Denominator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic, 2003 and 2005: Working age population, estimates by Social Disadvantage Research Centre, Oxford |
Additional details
Unemployment is used here not as an indicator of low income, that is measured by other indicators within the HPI, but rather as a measure of the extra negative impact that being unemployed or involuntarily excluded from work has. This will include psychological impacts.
Additional details for 2003 Data
The unemployment claimant count measures how many unemployed people are claiming unemployment-related benefits (Jobseeker’s Allowance). Estimates of claimant counts are always lower than those of unemployment because some unemployed people are not entitled to claim benefits, or choose not to do so. The claimant count comes from the administrative records of Jobcentre Plus (formerly Employment Service) (www.statistics.gov.uk).
Incapacity Benefit (IB) is paid to people who are assessed as being incapable of work, either if statutory sick pay (SSP) has ended or if the claimant is not entitled to SSP. It is paid according to three different rates: The lower short-term rate (IBST(L)) is paid for the first 28 weeks of sickness and the higher short-term rate (IBST(H)) for weeks 29 to 52. The long-term rate (IBLT) is paid to people who have been sick for more than a year. (www.nomisweb.co.uk).
Until April 2001, people who were incapable of work and did not satisfy the contribution conditions for IB could get Severe Disablement Allowance (SDA), providing they had been incapable of work for at least 28 weeks. Anyone who became incapable of work before their 20th birthday could qualify on this basis alone. People who became incapable of work after their 20th birthday also had to prove they had been unable to work for at least 28 consecutive weeks due to illness or disability (www.nomisweb.co.uk).
From 6 April 2001 no new claims to SDA were accepted. From this date people under the age of 20 (or 25 if in education or training before age 20) may be able to qualify for IB without needing to satisfy the contribution conditions. SDA is now maintained for existing claimants only who were over the age of 20 at the point of change. Any existing claimants under 20 on 6 th April 2001 were transferred to long-term IB (www.nomisweb.co.uk).
Creating the Unemployment Indicator
For each of the three benefits that make up this indicator, the average number of claimants for the whole year (2003) was calculated for each Local Authority. These were then added together to give the total number of people claiming benefits in each Local Authority and then divided by the total working population estimate for 2003 (males 18-64; females 18-59), to give the proportion of people claiming unemployment benefits. The total working population was taken from the midyear population estimates.
Component IB3_3: Violent Crime
| Definition | Rate of recorded offences of violence against the person per 1,000 population |
| Source Numerator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic: Police Force data (constrained to Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2002/03 financial year, Home Office |
| 2003: Police Force data (constrained to Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2003/04 financial year, Home Office | |
| 2005: Police Force data (constrained to Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2005/06 financial year, Home Office | |
| Source Denominator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic: Mid year population estimate 2001, ONS |
| 2003: Mid year population estimate 2003, ONS | |
| 2005: Mid year population estimate 2005, ONS |
Additional details
Police recorded crime data locate criminal events at their point of occurrence and therefore act as an indicator of the incidence of victimisation at the neighbourhood level.
Small area recorded crime data were obtained from all 39 police forces in England. Local crime and disorder partnerships are led by the local authorities and police, who have a legal obligation to develop and implement a strategy for tackling crime and disorder. The partnerships are based on the Unitary Authority for the area or, if the council is not a Unitary Authority, the Local Authority District (LAD) council and the County in which the LAD falls. Every chief officer whose police area (wholly or partly) lies within this area is also involved. There are 376 Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships.
The following categories of recorded crime have been grouped to form an indicator of violent crime:
| Home Office offence code | Offence name | |
| 1 4.1 4.2 |
Murder Manslaughter Infanticide |
Homicide |
| 2 | Attempted murder | |
| 37.1 | Causing death by aggravated vehicle taking | |
| 5 | Wounding or other act endangering life | |
| 8A | Other wounding | |
| 8C | Harassment | |
| 8D | Racially aggravated other wounding | |
| 8E | Racially aggravated harassment | |
| 105A | Common assault | |
| 105B | Racially aggravated common assault | |
| 34A | Robbery of business property | |
| 34B | Robbery of personal property | |
The crime rates are based on resident population and therefore may give a misleading impression in areas where numbers of non-residents, such as commuters and visitors are significant.
For ethnic group estimation, an SOA level weighting function was created to model incidence for individuals in each ethnic group within Local Authorities.
Component IB3_4: Burglary
| Definition | Rate of recorded offences of burglary from a dwelling per 1,000 population |
| Source Numerator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic: Police Force data (constrained to Crime Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2002/03 financial year, Home Office |
| 2003: Police Force data (constrained to Crime Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2003/04 financial year, Home Office | |
| 2005: Police Force data (constrained to Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2005/06 financial year, Home Office | |
| Source Denominator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic: Mid year population estimate 2001, ONS |
| 2003: Mid year population estimate 2003, ONS | |
| 2005: Mid year population estimate 2005, ONS |
Additional details
Police recorded crime data locate criminal events at their point of occurrence and therefore act as an indicator of the incidence of victimisation at the neighbourhood level.
Small area recorded crime data were obtained from all 39 police forces in England. Local crime and disorder partnerships are led by the local authorities and police, who have a legal obligation to develop and implement a strategy for tackling crime and disorder. The partnerships are based on the Unitary Authority for the area or, if the council is not a Unitary Authority, the Local Authority District (LAD) council and the county in which the LAD falls. Every chief officer whose police area (wholly or partly) lies within this area is also involved. There are 376 Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships.
The following categories of recorded crime have been grouped to form an indicator of burglary:
| Home Office offence code | Offence name |
| 28 | Burglary in a dwelling |
| 29 | Aggravated burglary in a dwelling |
| 30 | Burglary in a building other than a dwelling |
| 31 | Aggravated burglary in a building other than a dwelling |
The crime rates are based on resident population and therefore may give a misleading impression in areas where numbers of non-residents, such as commuters and visitors are significant.
For ethnic group estimation, an SOA level weighting function was created to model incidence for individuals in each ethnic group within Local Authorities.
Component IB3_5: Theft
| Definition | Theft rate per 1,000 population |
| Source Numerator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic: Police Force data (constrained to Crime Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2002/03 financial year, Home Office |
| 2003: Police Force data (constrained to Crime Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2003/04 financial year, Home Office | |
| 2005: Police Force data (constrained to Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2005/06 financial year, Home Office | |
| Source Denominator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic: Mid year population estimate 2001, ONS |
| 2003: Mid year population estimate 2003, ONS | |
| 2005: Mid year population estimate 2005, ONS |
Additional details
Police recorded crime data locate criminal events at their point of occurrence and therefore act as an indicator of the incidence of victimisation at the neighbourhood level.
Small area recorded crime data were obtained from all 39 police forces in England. Local crime and disorder partnerships are led by the local authorities and police, who have a legal obligation to develop and implement a strategy for tackling crime and disorder. The partnerships are based on the Unitary Authority for the area or, if the council is not a Unitary Authority, the Local Authority District (LAD) council and the county in which the LAD falls. Every chief officer whose police area (wholly or partly) lies within this area is also involved. There are 376 Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships.
The following categories of recorded crime have been grouped to form an indicator of theft:
| Home Office offence code | Offence name |
| 37.2 | Aggravated vehicle taking |
| 39 | Theft from the person of another |
| 45 | Theft from a vehicle |
| 48 | Theft or unauthorised taking of motor vehicle |
| 126 | Vehicle interference and tampering |
The crime rates are based on resident population and therefore may give a misleading impression in areas where numbers of non-residents, such as commuters and visitors are significant.
For ethnic group estimation, an SOA level weighting function was created to model incidence for individuals in each ethnic group within Local Authorities.
Component IB3_6: Criminal damage
| Definition | Criminal damage rate per 1,000 population |
| Source Numerator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic: Police Force data (constrained to Crime Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2002/03 financial year, Home Office |
| 2003: Police Force data (constrained to Crime Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2002/03 financial year, Home Office | |
| 2005: Police Force data (constrained to Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnership level), 2005/06 financial year, Home Office | |
| Source Denominator | 2001, 2001 Ethnic: Mid year population estimate 2001, ONS |
| 2003: Mid year population estimate 2003, ONS | |
| 2005: Mid year population estimate 2005, ONS |
Additional details
Police recorded crime data locate criminal events at their point of occurrence and therefore act as an indicator of the incidence of victimisation at the neighbourhood level.
Small area recorded crime data were obtained from all 39 police forces in England. Local crime and disorder partnerships are led by the local authorities and police, who have a legal obligation to develop and implement a strategy for tackling crime and disorder. The partnerships are based on the Unitary Authority for the area or, if the council is not a Unitary Authority, the Local Authority District (LAD) council and the county in which the LAD falls. Every chief officer whose police area (wholly or partly) lies within this area is also involved. There are 376 Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships.
The following categories of recorded crime have been grouped to form an indicator of criminal damage:
| Home Office offence code | Offence name |
| 56 | Arson |
| 58A | Criminal damage to a dwelling |
| 58B | Criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling |
| 58C | Criminal damage to a vehicle |
| 58D | Other criminal damage |
| 58E | Racially aggravated criminal damage to a dwelling |
| 58F | Racially aggravated criminal damage to a building other than a dwelling |
| 58G | Racially aggravated criminal damage to a vehicle |
| 58H | Racially aggravated other criminal damage |
| 59 | Threat etc to commit criminal damage |
The crime rates are based on resident population and therefore may give a misleading impression in areas where numbers of non-residents, such as commuters and visitors are significant.
For ethnic group estimation, an SOA level weighting function was created to model incidence for individuals in each ethnic group within Local Authorities.